Abstract Introduction: adolescents are the group most vulnerable to distortions in the perception of their image. This often leads to body dissatisfaction that can negatively affect their self-esteem. The practice of physical activity (PA) could help solve this problem. Objectives: to analyze the influence that the amount of PA performed has on the self-perception of body image in the pre and adolescent population while taking into account confounding factors that could affect this relationship. Methods: a cross-sectional study of 822 participants aged 9 to 16 years was conducted. The prevalence of PA, their body mass index (BMI), and their objective and perceived physical condition (PC) were determined. The Stunkard pictogram was used to determine the degree of body dissatisfaction. Results: a generalized satisfaction with own body image was found regardless of age and sex. Low-magnitude significant associations were found between perceived body image and the amount of PA, perceived PC, and objective PC. PA did not influence body satisfaction when adjusted for BMI, which was the variable that presented the highest correlations with self-perception (r = 0.713) and self-satisfaction (r = 0.576). Conclusions: a generalized satisfaction with one's own body image was identified in the pre and adolescent population under study. The amount of PA was not shown to be a variable with great influence on self-perception and body satisfaction, contrary to BMI.

Resumen Introducción: los adolescentes son el grupo más vulnerable frente a las distorsiones en la percepción de la imagen. Ello les conduce frecuentemente a una insatisfacción corporal que puede afectar negativamente a su autoestima. La práctica de actividad física (AF) podría ayudar a solventar este problema. Objetivos: analizar la influencia que la cantidad de AF realizada tiene sobre la autopercepción de la imagen corporal en población pre y adolescente, teniendo en cuenta factores de confusión que pudieran afectar a esta relación. Métodos: estudio transversal con 822 participantes de entre 9 y 16 años. Se determinó la prevalencia de AF, su índice de masa corporal (IMC) y su condición física (CF) objetiva y percibida. Se empleó el pictograma de Stunkard para determinar el grado de insatisfacción corporal. Resultados: se determinó que existe una satisfacción generalizada con la propia imagen corporal con independencia de la edad y el sexo. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas de baja magnitud entre la imagen corporal percibida y la cantidad de AF, la CF percibida y la CF objetiva. La AF no influyó en la satisfacción corporal cuando se ajustó en base al IMC, que fue la variable que presentó correlaciones más elevadas con la autopercepción (r = 0,713) y la propia satisfacción (r = 0,576). Conclusiones: se determinó que existe una satisfacción generalizada con la propia imagen corporal en la población pre y adolescente objeto de estudio. La cantidad de AF no se mostró como una variable de gran influencia sobre la autopercepción y la satisfacción corporal, al contrario que el IMC.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the validity and provide normative values for the three-min shuttle run test in Spanish preschoolers. METHODS: A total of 497 children (mean age 4.83±0.57 years; 47.8% girls) performed the three-min shuttle run test. Posttest body mass index and heart rate values were taken as internal validity indicators. RESULTS: Age- and sex-specific percentiles for cardiorespiratory fitness were provided. Boys performed better than girls in the test. A significant association was observed between the total distance covered and heart rate (p=0.002). No correlation was found between body mass index and the test score, although the total distance covered by normal weight and obese children was significantly different (296.9 versus. 271.3 m; p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides age- and sex-specific cardiorespiratory fitness normative values for the three-min shuttle run test when performed by Spanish preschoolers. This test is an interesting option when the lack of resources limits the measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness in the preschool setting.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Few physical exercise programs for children with limb loss have been described in detail recently. We provided information regarding the characteristics and effectiveness of an alternative rehabilitation exercise developed for children with lower-limb amputation. METHODS: An 8-year-old boy with a below-knee amputation and a 9-year-old bilateral amputee girl performed an exercise program of one 2-h session per week for 20 weeks, aimed at developing muscular strength and coordination. Walking ability and walking speed were assessed by using the L-test of functional mobility and 10-m walk test, respectively. Mechanical and neuromuscular muscle function was assessed by using tensiomyography. RESULTS: In case 1, a decrement of 9.5% and 10.5% was found in the L-test (42 s vs. 38 s) and in the 10-m test (19 s vs. 17 s) scores, respectively. In case 2, walking ability remained unchanged (L-test score: 38 s), while a 5.2% reduction in walking speed was observed (10-m test score: 19 s vs. 18 s). No relevant changes were observed in the muscular tone in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners should be aware that, contrary to what could be expected, a multidisciplinary training program held once per week for 5 months had a minimal impact on the gait pattern and neuromuscular function of two children with lower-limb amputation.

Abstract Objective To assess the prevalence of illegal drug use in college students on any previous occasion, during the previous year and the previous month, and to analyze the relationship between illegal drug use and family support and other factors. Methods A cross-sectional study using data from students participating in the uniHcos project (n = 3767) was conducted. The prevalence and age of onset of consumption of cannabis, non-prescription sedatives, stimulants and depressants was evaluated. Polyconsumption was also assessed. The independent variables were: family support, age, residence, and employment status. To determine the factors related to drug use multivariate logistic regression models stratified by gender were fitted. Results Differences between men and women in prevalence of illegal drug use except non-prescription sedatives were observed. In both genders, less family support was associated with higher consumption of all drugs, except depressants, and with polyconsumption. To be studying and looking for work was related to cannabis and stimulant use and to polyconsumption among women, but only to cannabis use among men. Conclusions These results support the notion that the start of university studies is a particularly relevant stage in the onset of illegal drug use and its prevention, and that consumption may be especially associated with family support.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la prevalencia del consumo de drogas ilegales en estudiantes universitarios y analizar la relación entre dicho consumo, el apoyo familiar y otros factores. Método Se realizó un diseño transversal basado en datos de participantes en el proyecto uniHcos (n = 3767). Se evaluaron la prevalencia y la edad de inicio del consumo de cannabis, tranquilizantes sin receta, estimulantes y depresores, y el policonsumo. Como variables independientes se consideraron el apoyo familiar, la edad, la residencia y la situación laboral. Para la determinación de los factores asociados al consumo de drogas se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística estratificados por sexo. Resultados Se observaron diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en la prevalencia del consumo de todas las drogas ilegales, excepto tranquilizantes sin receta. En ambos sexos, cuanto peor apoyo familiar, mayor consumo de todas las drogas, excepto depresores y policonsumo. Encontrarse estudiando y buscando trabajo se relacionó con el consumo de cannabis, estimulantes y policonsumo en las mujeres, y solo con cannabis en los hombres. Conclusiones Los resultados de este estudio aportan nueva evidencia a favor de que el inicio de la etapa universitaria es un momento de especial relevancia en el inicio del consumo de drogas ilegales y su prevención, pudiendo este consumo estar especialmente relacionado con el apoyo familiar.

Abstract Objective To assess the prevalence of illegal drug use in college students on any previous occasion, during the previous year and the previous month, and to analyze the relationship between illegal drug use and family support and other factors. Methods A cross-sectional study using data from students participating in the uniHcos project (n = 3767) was conducted. The prevalence and age of onset of consumption of cannabis, non-prescription sedatives, stimulants and depressants was evaluated. Polyconsumption was also assessed. The independent variables were: family support, age, residence, and employment status. To determine the factors related to drug use multivariate logistic regression models stratified by gender were fitted. Results Differences between men and women in prevalence of illegal drug use except non-prescription sedatives were observed. In both genders, less family support was associated with higher consumption of all drugs, except depressants, and with polyconsumption. To be studying and looking for work was related to cannabis and stimulant use and to polyconsumption among women, but only to cannabis use among men. Conclusions These results support the notion that the start of university studies is a particularly relevant stage in the onset of illegal drug use and its prevention, and that consumption may be especially associated with family support.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la prevalencia del consumo de drogas ilegales en estudiantes universitarios y analizar la relación entre dicho consumo, el apoyo familiar y otros factores. Método Se realizó un diseño transversal basado en datos de participantes en el proyecto uniHcos (n = 3767). Se evaluaron la prevalencia y la edad de inicio del consumo de cannabis, tranquilizantes sin receta, estimulantes y depresores, y el policonsumo. Como variables independientes se consideraron el apoyo familiar, la edad, la residencia y la situación laboral. Para la determinación de los factores asociados al consumo de drogas se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística estratificados por sexo. Resultados Se observaron diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en la prevalencia del consumo de todas las drogas ilegales, excepto tranquilizantes sin receta. En ambos sexos, cuanto peor apoyo familiar, mayor consumo de todas las drogas, excepto depresores y policonsumo. Encontrarse estudiando y buscando trabajo se relacionó con el consumo de cannabis, estimulantes y policonsumo en las mujeres, y solo con cannabis en los hombres. Conclusiones Los resultados de este estudio aportan nueva evidencia a favor de que el inicio de la etapa universitaria es un momento de especial relevancia en el inicio del consumo de drogas ilegales y su prevención, pudiendo este consumo estar especialmente relacionado con el apoyo familiar.

ABSTRACT Background: Questionnaires for estimating physical activity are measurement tools widely used by health professionals. Therefore, it is important to know their characteristics and quality. This systematic review aimed at identifying and analyzing de psychometric properties of the existing physical activity questionnaires validated in Spanish people older than 60 years of age, as well as to inform about the methodological quality of the studies performed concerning their validity and/or reliability. Methods: A systematic review of the available scientific literature regarding studies focused on the validity and/or reliability of questionnaires used for estimating the prevalence of physical activity among Spanish populations over 60 years old. The Qualitative Attributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity Questionnaires checklist (QAPAQ), was used to evaluate the sample characteristics, the psychometric properties, the validity, the test-retest reliability and the methodological quality of each study identified. Results: A total of 8 questionnaires were found and analyzed, highlighting in means of validity the short Spanish version (VREM) of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (construct validity 95.5% with Kappa = 0.93) as well as in reliability (ICC=0.96), along with the Modified Baecke (ICC = 0,92-0,96). Four questionnaires met more than 80% of the criteria proposed by the QAPAQ. The YPAS was the questionnaire which reached the higher score. Conclusions: When estimating the amount of physical activity performed by Spanish people older than 60 years of age by means of questionnaires, it is advisable to use (in this order) the YPAS, VREM and Modified Baecke.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: Los cuestionarios de estimación de actividad física son herramientas ampliamente empleadas por los profesionales de la salud. Resulta esencial conocer la calidad y características de los mismos. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar las características psicométricas de los cuestionarios de realización de actividad física validados en población española mayor de 60 años, así como la calidad metodológica de los estudios de su validez y/o fiabilidad. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de estudios donde se informe de la validez y/o fiabilidad de cuestionarios adaptados al castellano para estimar la actividad física realizada por población mayor de 60 años. Se estudiaron las características de la muestra, las propiedades psicométricas validez y fiabilidad test-retest, así como la calidad metodológica de los estudios, que se evaluó mediante la lista de comprobación Qualitative Atributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity Questionnaires (QAPAQ). Resultados: Fueron encontrados y analizados un total de 8 cuestiona- rios, destacando en validez la Versión Reducida en Español del cuestionario de actividad física en el tiempo libre de Minnesota (VREM) (validez de constructo 95,5% con Kappa = 0,93) así como en fiabilidad (ICC=0,96), junto con el Modified Baecke (ICC = 0,92-0,96). Los criterios propuestos por el QAPAQ fueron superados en un 80% por 4 cuestionarios, siendo el Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS), el cuestionario que mayor puntuación obtuvo. Conclusiones: Al objeto de estimar la cantidad de AF realizada por personas mayores de 60 años de nacionalidad española mediante cuestionarios, se aconseja el empleo, por este orden, de los instrumentos YPAS, VREM y Modified Baecke.

ABSTRACT Background: Questionnaires for estimating physical activity are measurement tools widely used by health professionals. Therefore, it is important to know their characteristics and quality. This systematic review aimed at identifying and analyzing de psychometric properties of the existing physical activity questionnaires validated in Spanish people older than 60 years of age, as well as to inform about the methodological quality of the studies performed concerning their validity and/or reliability. Methods: A systematic review of the available scientific literature regarding studies focused on the validity and/or reliability of questionnaires used for estimating the prevalence of physical activity among Spanish populations over 60 years old. The Qualitative Attributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity Questionnaires checklist (QAPAQ), was used to evaluate the sample characteristics, the psychometric properties, the validity, the test-retest reliability and the methodological quality of each study identified. Results: A total of 8 questionnaires were found and analyzed, highlighting in means of validity the short Spanish version (VREM) of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (construct validity 95.5% with Kappa = 0.93) as well as in reliability (ICC=0.96), along with the Modified Baecke (ICC = 0,92-0,96). Four questionnaires met more than 80% of the criteria proposed by the QAPAQ. The YPAS was the questionnaire which reached the higher score. Conclusions: When estimating the amount of physical activity performed by Spanish people older than 60 years of age by means of questionnaires, it is advisable to use (in this order) the YPAS, VREM and Modified Baecke.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: Los cuestionarios de estimación de actividad física son herramientas ampliamente empleadas por los profesionales de la salud. Resulta esencial conocer la calidad y características de los mismos. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar las características psicométricas de los cuestionarios de realización de actividad física validados en población española mayor de 60 años, así como la calidad metodológica de los estudios de su validez y/o fiabilidad. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de estudios donde se informe de la validez y/o fiabilidad de cuestionarios adaptados al castellano para estimar la actividad física realizada por población mayor de 60 años. Se estudiaron las características de la muestra, las propiedades psicométricas validez y fiabilidad test-retest, así como la calidad metodológica de los estudios, que se evaluó mediante la lista de comprobación Qualitative Atributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity Questionnaires (QAPAQ). Resultados: Fueron encontrados y analizados un total de 8 cuestiona- rios, destacando en validez la Versión Reducida en Español del cuestionario de actividad física en el tiempo libre de Minnesota (VREM) (validez de constructo 95,5% con Kappa = 0,93) así como en fiabilidad (ICC=0,96), junto con el Modified Baecke (ICC = 0,92-0,96). Los criterios propuestos por el QAPAQ fueron superados en un 80% por 4 cuestionarios, siendo el Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS), el cuestionario que mayor puntuación obtuvo. Conclusiones: Al objeto de estimar la cantidad de AF realizada por personas mayores de 60 años de nacionalidad española mediante cuestionarios, se aconseja el empleo, por este orden, de los instrumentos YPAS, VREM y Modified Baecke.

Abstract This study investigates the construct validity of the Spanish version of the CHAMPS questionnaire with institutionalized older adults between the ages of 74 and 90. Seven days of accelerometer data were collected from 52 participants (mean age 82.40 ± 8.26 years), followed by the administration of CHAMPS. The Barthel Index and the Chair Stand Test were used to assess functional independence and fitness levels. The four scores yielded by CHAMPS showed a low-to-moderate agreement with the data derived from the accelerometer (r=0.253-0.385) and with the Barthel Index (r=0.313-0.519), but no association was established with fitness levels. Additionally, no significant correlations were observed between CHAMPS and the accelerometer when cognitive impairment was considered. The results imply that the Spanish version of CHAMPS shows construct validity to estimate the amount of physical activity performed by institutionalized older adults without cognitive impairment.

Abstract Very little is known about the influence training programmes that combine land-based and water-based exercises might have on the cognitive function of healthy older people. Aim to analyze the combined effect of two physical exercise programs (water-based and land-based) on fitness level and cognitive function. Method 15 senior citizens carried out a water and land-based exercise program (EF group), while 22 senior citizens followed the same program with the addition of cognitive training performed in water (EC group). The effects of both programs were assessed by means of the Symbol Digit Modalities, the Two-minute step and the Timed-up-and-go tests. Results The data obtained showed that both programs had significant effects on the participants' fitness level and cognitive function, although only those in the EC group showed a significantly higher improvement. Conclusion The combination of water-based and land-based exercise may lead to improvements in cognitive functions and fitness levels in healthy older adults. The inclusion of cognitive exercises performed in water seems to maximise these effects.

Objective: To analyse the reliability and validity of the Weekly Activity Checklist (WAC), the One Week Recall (OWR), and the Godin-Shephard Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) in Spanish adolescents. Methods: A total of 78 adolescents wore a pedometer for one week, filled out the questionnaires at the end of this period and underwent a test to estimate their maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). The reliability of the questionnaires was determined by means of a factor analysis. Convergent validity was obtained by comparing the questionnaires' scores against the amount of physical activity quantified by the pedometer and the VO2max reported. Results: The questionnaires showed a weak internal consistency (WAC: alpha = 0.59-0.78; OWR: alpha = 0.53-0.73; GLTEQ: alpha = 0.60). Moderate statistically significant correlations were found between the pedometer and the WAC (r = 0.69; p <0.01) and the OWR (r = 0.42; p <0.01), while a low statistically significant correlation was found for the GLTEQ (r = 0.36; p = 0.01). The estimated VO2max showed a low level of association with the WAC results (r = 0.30; p <0.05), and the OWR results (r = 0.29; p <0.05). When classifying the participants as active or inactive, the level of agreement with the pedometer was moderate for the WAC (k = 0.46) and the OWR (r = 0.44), and slight for the GLTEQ (r = 0.20). Conclusion: Of the three questionnaires analysed, the WAC showed the best psychometric performance as it was the only one with respectable convergent validity, while sharing low reliability with the OWR and the GLTEQ.

Objetivo: Analizar la fiabilidad y la validez de los cuestionarios Weekly Activity Checklist (WAC), One Week Recall (OWR) y Godin-Shephard Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) en población adolescente. Método: Setenta y ocho adolescentes portaron un podómetro durante una semana, completaron los cuestionarios al término de la misma y realizaron una prueba de estimación de consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max). Se realizó un análisis factorial para determinar la fiabilidad de los cuestionarios. Su validez convergente se obtuvo mediante la comparación entre los resultados obtenidos en el cuestionario, la actividad física cuantificada por el podómetro y el VO2max reportado. Resultados: Se encontró una consistencia interna débil para los cuestionarios WAC (alpha = 0,59-0,78), OWR (alpha = 0,53-0,73) y GLTEQ (alpha = 0,60). Se encontraron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas al comparar los valores obtenidos por el podómetro y los cuestionarios, moderadas para el WAC (r = 0,69; p <0,01) y el OWR (r = 0,42; p <0,01), y baja para el GLTEQ (r = 0,36; p = 0,01). El VO2max estimado mostró una baja asociación con los resultados del WAC (r = 0,30; p <0,05) y del OWR (r = 0,29; p <0,05). Al clasificar a los participantes como activos o inactivos, la concordancia con el podómetro fue moderada para el WAC (k = 0,46) y el OWR (r = 0,44), y leve para el GLTEQ (r = 0,20). Conclusiones: De los cuestionarios analizados, el WAC es el que mejor comportamiento psicométrico parece tener, ya que es el único que presenta una validez convergente respetable a la vez que comparte una baja fiabilidad con el OWR y el GLTEQ.

Objective: To analyse the reliability and validity of the Weekly Activity Checklist (WAC), the One Week Recall (OWR), and the Godin-Shephard Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) in Spanish adolescents. Methods: A total of 78 adolescents wore a pedometer for one week, filled out the questionnaires at the end of this period and underwent a test to estimate their maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). The reliability of the questionnaires was determined by means of a factor analysis. Convergent validity was obtained by comparing the questionnaires' scores against the amount of physical activity quantified by the pedometer and the VO2max reported. Results: The questionnaires showed a weak internal consistency (WAC: alpha = 0.59-0.78; OWR: alpha = 0.53-0.73; GLTEQ: alpha = 0.60). Moderate statistically significant correlations were found between the pedometer and the WAC (r = 0.69; p <0.01) and the OWR (r = 0.42; p <0.01), while a low statistically significant correlation was found for the GLTEQ (r = 0.36; p = 0.01). The estimated VO2max showed a low level of association with the WAC results (r = 0.30; p <0.05), and the OWR results (r = 0.29; p <0.05). When classifying the participants as active or inactive, the level of agreement with the pedometer was moderate for the WAC (k = 0.46) and the OWR (r = 0.44), and slight for the GLTEQ (r = 0.20). Conclusion: Of the three questionnaires analysed, the WAC showed the best psychometric performance as it was the only one with respectable convergent validity, while sharing low reliability with the OWR and the GLTEQ.

Objetivo: Analizar la fiabilidad y la validez de los cuestionarios Weekly Activity Checklist (WAC), One Week Recall (OWR) y Godin-Shephard Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) en población adolescente. Método: Setenta y ocho adolescentes portaron un podómetro durante una semana, completaron los cuestionarios al término de la misma y realizaron una prueba de estimación de consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max). Se realizó un análisis factorial para determinar la fiabilidad de los cuestionarios. Su validez convergente se obtuvo mediante la comparación entre los resultados obtenidos en el cuestionario, la actividad física cuantificada por el podómetro y el VO2max reportado. Resultados: Se encontró una consistencia interna débil para los cuestionarios WAC (alpha = 0,59-0,78), OWR (alpha = 0,53-0,73) y GLTEQ (alpha = 0,60). Se encontraron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas al comparar los valores obtenidos por el podómetro y los cuestionarios, moderadas para el WAC (r = 0,69; p <0,01) y el OWR (r = 0,42; p <0,01), y baja para el GLTEQ (r = 0,36; p = 0,01). El VO2max estimado mostró una baja asociación con los resultados del WAC (r = 0,30; p <0,05) y del OWR (r = 0,29; p <0,05). Al clasificar a los participantes como activos o inactivos, la concordancia con el podómetro fue moderada para el WAC (k = 0,46) y el OWR (r = 0,44), y leve para el GLTEQ (r = 0,20). Conclusiones: De los cuestionarios analizados, el WAC es el que mejor comportamiento psicométrico parece tener, ya que es el único que presenta una validez convergente respetable a la vez que comparte una baja fiabilidad con el OWR y el GLTEQ.

Introduction: The monitoring of physical activity levels in adolescent population, its determinant factors and susceptibility to change is essential to intervene on the obesity epidemic affecting Spanish society. However, the number of validated questionnaires to assess physical activity in Spanish adolescents is scarce. Objectives: To assess the validity of the 24h Previous Day Physical Activity Recall (PDPAR-24) questionnaire when it is administered to the Spanish adolescent population. Methods: The participants of the study were students, aged between 14 and 15 years, from two secondary schools in the north of Galicia. The measurement of physical activity by the accelerometer Actigraph GT3X was used as criterion. Participants were asked to wear the accelerometer during waking hours for one day and the questionnaire was administered the day after. Results: A total of 79 students (15.16 ± 0.81 years, 36% women) completed the study. Statistically significant positive correlations of high and moderate nature( r=0.50-0.98) were observed for low and moderate intensity physical activity in both sexes. Correlation coefficients were higher as physical activity intensity increased. Conclusions: The PDPAR-24 can be deemed as a valid tool for the assessment of physical activity in Spanish adolescents.

Introducción: El control del nivel de práctica de actividad física que realizan los adolescentes, de sus factores determinantes y susceptibilidad al cambio resulta indispensable para intervenir sobre la epidemia de obesidad que afecta a la sociedad española. Sin embargo, el número de cuestionarios validados para valorar la actividad física en adolescentes españoles es escaso. Objetivos: Evaluar la validez del cuestionario 24h Previous Day Physical Activity Recall (PDPAR-24) cuando es aplicado a la población de adolescentes españoles. Método: Participaron en este estudio estudiantes de 14-15 años de dos centros de educación secundaria del norte de Galicia. Como criterio objetivo de la actividad física realizada se utilizó el registro proporcionado por el acelerómetro Actigraph GT3X. Se monitorizó a los sujetos durante un día por medio del acelerómetro y al día siguiente se administró el cuestionario de auto-informe. Resultados: Un total de 79 alumnos (15.16 ± 0.81 años, 39% mujeres) finalizaron el estudio. Se observan correlaciones positivas estadísticamente significativas de tamaño medio a grande en ambos sexos (r=0.50-0.98), para la actividad física ligera y moderada. Las correlaciones observadas son más elevadas a medida que aumenta la intensidad de la actividad física realizada. Conclusiones: El cuestionario de auto-informe PDPAR-24 puede ser considerado como una herramienta válida a la hora de valorar el nivel de actividad física en adolescentes españoles.

Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre o custo energético implícito na competição em diferentes eventos de natação e sua relação com a motivação para a prática desse esporte.Métodos: Um total de 389 nadadores (192 meninos e 197 meninas), com idades entre 8 e 22 anos, que competiram em eventos com diferentes demandas de energia respondeu às versões em espanhol do Inventário de Motivação para a Participação.Resultados: A análise multivariada demonstrou que o custo energético do evento preferido teve influência significante sobre a motivação dos nadadores (Î" de Wilkis = 0,96, F7.388 = 6,29, P < 0,005). Uma análise univariada posterior mostrou que a motivação dos nadadores nas modalidades predominantemente aeróbias, em comparação com as anaeróbias, foi significativamente influenciada por quatro componentes motivacionais: "Saúde/Boa forma física", "Diversão/Amizade", "Competição/Habilidades" e "Pessoas significantes". Os fatores motivacionais também variaram de acordo com o sexo e o estágio de desenvolvimento desportivo dos nadadores.Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo mostram sinais de que os fatores motivacionais relacionados com a prática da natação competitiva em jovens atletas comportam-se de forma diferente, dependendo do custo energético do teste realizado.

Objective: To examine the relationship between the energy cost implied in competition in different swimming events and its relationship with motivation to practice this sport.Methods: A total of 389 swimmers (192 boys and 197 girls), aged 8-22 years, who competed in events with different energy demands responded to the Spanish versions of the Participation Motivation Inventory.Results: A multivariate analysis showed that the energy cost of the preferential event had a significant influence on the swimmer motivation (Wilk's λ=0.96, F7,388=6.29, P<0.005). A later univariate analysis showed that the motivation of swimmers in predominantly aerobic modalities, as compared to those in anaerobic ones, was significantly influenced by four motivational components: "Health/Fitness", "Fun/Friendship", "Competition/Skills" and "Significant Others". The motivational factors also varied according to gender and stage of sport development of the swimmers.Conclusion: The results of this study show signs that the motivational factors related to the practice of competitive swimming in young athletes behaves differently depending on the energy cost of the test carried out.

Objetivo: Examinar el relacionamiento entre el costo energético implicado en la competición en diferentes eventos de natación y su relacionamiento con la motivación para la práctica de este deporte.Métodos: Un total de 389 nadadores (192 masculinos y 197 femeninos), con edad entre 8-22 años, que competían en eventos con diferentes demandas de energía respondieron a las versiones en Español del Inventario de Motivación para la Práctica.Resultados: Un análisis multivariado mostró que el costo energético del evento preferencial tuvo una influencia significativa en la motivación de los nadadores (WilkÂ's Î"=0,96, F7.388=6,29, P<0,005). Un análisis univariado posterior mostró que la motivación de los nadadores en modalidades predominantemente aeróbicas, comparada con aquellas anaeróbicas, fue significativamente influenciada por cuatro componentes motivacionales: "Salud/Aptitud", "Diversión/Amistad", "Competición/Habilidades", y "Otros Significativos". Los factores motivacionales también variaron de acuerdo al género y nivel de desarrollo deportivo de los nadadores.Conclusión: Los resultados en este estudio muestran señales del hecho de que los factores motivacionales en la práctica de natación competitiva en jóvenes atletas se comporta de formas diferentes, dependiendo del costo energético del test realizado.